Lisa Bloomquist
Activist Post
A new kind of antibiotic has been developed by researchers at Oregon
State University. The new antibiotics are called PPMOs, which stand for
peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers. They are
“a synthetic analog of DNA or RNA that has the ability to silence the
expression of specific genes.” (
1)
The way that PPMO antibiotics will work is to, “specifically target the
underlying genes of a bacterium.” In plain English, PPMOs will
genetically modify bacteria.
This may not sound like a horrible thing on initial glance. Bacteria
are generally thought of as evil (soap commercials have conditioned us
all), something to fight because some bacteria can make people sick and
even kill them if their body is overwhelmed by “bad” bacteria. However,
bacteria and the other single-celled organisms that make up the human
microbiome are intimate parts of each human being.
Per the Human Microbiome Project:
The healthy adult body hosts ten times as many
microbial cells as human cells, including bacteria, archaea, viruses,
and eukaryotic microbes resident on nearly every body surface. The
metagenome carried collectively by these microbial communities dwarfs
the human genome in size, and their influences on normal development,
diet and obesity, immunity, and disease are under active research. (2)
The average 200 pound human body contains 6 pounds of microbiome organisms, including several billion bacteria (
3).
These bacteria act symbiotically with us, helping to digest food,
extract vitamins and other nutrients from food, regulate the immune
system and even contribute to each individual’s personality. Per an
article published in
Molecular Psychology, “CNS neurotransmission can be profoundly disturbed by the absence of a normal gut microbiota.” (
4) Multiple neurochemicals are produced by gut bacteria, including 95% of the serotonin in each human body (
5).
Studies of mice have shown that behavioral changes can be triggered by
changes in the gut bacteria and it has been observed that people with
Crohn’s Disease and other GI disorders often suffer from anxiety and
depression. The health of each person’s microbiome is intimately
connected to both their physical and the mental health.
The bacteria that compose our microbiome work so synergistically with
our human cells that the difference between “us” and “the bacteria” is
difficult to decipher. Where do “we” begin and “they” end? If all of
the bacteria in a person’s microbiome were killed off, that person would
die. Bacteria are an intimate and important part of “us.” In
genetically modifying “them,” are we genetically modifying “us?” How
could genetically modified bacteria affect the balance of the human
microbiome? How could they affect the bodily systems that the
microbiome controls? How could a GM bacteria adversely affect human
health including personality and behavior?
One of many other things to consider is that mitochondria, the energy
centers of our cells, are very similar in structure and design to
bacteria. (
6) Mitochondrial DNA is also much more vulnerable to environmental toxins than the rest of the human DNA. (
7)
Could PPMOs (or other drugs that genetically modify bacteria) modify
human mitochondria? If so, what are the consequences of having
genetically modified mitochondria? One consequence is that humans truly
would be genetically modified. Perhaps that should be taken into
consideration before developing drugs that genetically modify bacteria.
There
are thousands of medical and ethical questions that should be asked
about the development of drugs that genetically modify bacteria. Sadly,
I suspect that many people will look the other way, assuming that PPMOs
are just another antibiotic that are as innocuous as penicillin, rather
than asking the really difficult questions that should be asked before
our mitochondrial DNA is permanently and irreversibly altered. I
suspect that the questions about whether or not antibiotics that alter
the human microbiome should be created or not will not be asked though,
because human mitochondrial DNA has been being altered and damaged by a
certain class of antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, for years without anyone
saying a peep.
Genetic Modification via Antibiotics is Already Occurring
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, more popularly known as Cipro
(Ciprofloxacin), Levaquin (Levofloxacin), Avelox (Moxifloxacin), Floxin
(Ofloxacin) and a few other less commonly used ones, are topoisomerase
interrupters. They unravel bacterial DNA and lead to apoptosis,
programmed cell death. This video explains how they work:
The chemical backbone of fluroquinolone antibiotics, nalidixic acid, was developed in 1962 by George Lesher. (
8)
They became popular starting in the 1980s when pharmaceutical
companies pressured the FDA to accept them as a “first line of defense”
antibiotic despite the fact that they had shown to be toxic to
mammalian cells. They increased in popularity after the 2001 anthrax
scare. They are used to treat urinary tract infections, sinus
infections, bronchial infections, strep throat, etc. despite the fact
that the side effects include psychosis (
9)
and destruction of every tendon in the body. A side-effect that is
lightly referred to as “tendinitis” on the warning label. (A more
complete list of effects of fluoroquinolones can be found on
www.ciproispoison.com.
The person who wrote that list of things that happened to him as a
result of taking Cipro was a happy, healthy, employed 31 year old when
he took Cipro. He is now disabled.)
Multiple studies have shown that quinolones/fluoroquinolones adduct to bacterial DNA. (
10)(
11)
This means that they attach to and change DNA, that the DNA has altered
molecules hooked onto it and that all duplicate versions of the cells
have been altered. An example of another chemical that adducts to DNA
is Agent Orange.
Some DNA tests performed on people who have experienced severe adverse
reactions to fluoroquinolone antibiotics have shown that the
quinolone/fluoroquinolone molecules have adducted to their human DNA,
attaching to and changing their DNA into perpetuity. (As cells
replicate, the altered DNA replicates too.) A DNA Adduct Mass
Spectrogram Analysis showed that the quinolone/fluoroquinolone molecules
had attached to every cell in the subjects’ bodies, not just the
bacteria that make up their microbiome; the drug adducted to their DNA,
to THEM.
They, along with thousands of other people who have had an adverse
reaction to a fluoroquinolone, have been genetically modified by an
antibiotic.
A
large portion of those who have been genetically modified by a
fluoroquinolone antibiotic have been subjected to irreversible damage to
their DNA for no sensible reason at all. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics
are given out to treat benign infections like sinus and urinary tract
infections, that can be treated with other, safer antibiotics. A 2011
study (
12)
found that 39% of patients given fluoroquinolone antibiotics were given
them unnecessarily (and the necessity of them was determined without it
being taken into consideration that DNA damage can be done by these
drugs as this fact is not acknowledged, despite the peer reviewed
studies noted above.)
26.9 million prescriptions for fluoroquinolone antibiotics were dispensed in America in 2011 alone (
13).
Similarly massive numbers of prescriptions of these drugs have been
dispensed each year since Bayer patented Cipro in 1983. Humanity has
not stopped existing since these DNA modifying drugs were introduced to
the market, but before you find that to be reassuring, the following
should be noted.
- An article in the September, 2013 issue of Nature entitled
“Topoisomerases facilitate transcription of long genes linked to autism”
(14)
noted that, “Our data suggest that chemicals or genetic mutations that
impair topoisomerases, and possibly other components of the
transcription elongation machinery that interface with topoisomerases,
have the potential to profoundly affect the expression of long ASD
candidate genes.” Fluoroquinolone antibiotics impair topoisomerases. A
post about this is on Collective Evolution – (Source)
- Anthraquinone was found in the subject who underwent The DNA
testing. Anthraquinone causes an inflammatory process within the body
and causes pain, burning, and hurting sensations, a condition that is
often confused with fibromyalgia. (15)
- Fluoroquinolone antibiotics have been shown to damage mitochondria (16)(17)(18)
and “Damage to mitochondria is now understood to play a role in the
pathogenesis of a wide range of seemingly unrelated disorders such as
schizophrenia, bipolar disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy,
migraine headaches, strokes, neuropathic pain, Parkinson’s disease,
ataxia, transient ischemic attack, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery
disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, retinitis pigmentosa,
diabetes, hepatitis C, and primary biliary cirrhosis.” (19)
So, if you’re wondering what happens when humans are genetically
modified, the experiment is being conducted as you read this post.
Since fluoroquinolone antibiotics have been popularized, rates of
autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease,
epilepsy, migraine headaches, strokes, neuropathic pain, Parkinson’s
disease, ataxia, transient ischemic attack, cardiomyopathy, coronary
artery disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, retinitis
pigmentosa, diabetes, hepatitis C, and primary biliary cirrhosis have
risen substantially.
Perhaps the question of the intelligence of altering human DNA with
antibiotics can be questioned before PPMOs are introduced to the market,
as opposed to 30+ years afterward, as is the case with fluoroquinolone
antibiotics. It would show wisdom and desire for sustainability as a
species. Unfortunately, neither wisdom nor sustainability are valued at
the moment and I suspect that the travesty of people being genetically
altered by fluoroquinolones will continue and that the travesty of
people being altered by PPMOs will begin.
Post Script:
If
enough people gathered together, got their DNA tested, got those test
results interpreted by a Toxicologist, and appropriate research was
published on the results, this atrocity could stop. Please note that
both Bayer (producer of Cipro and Avelox) and Johnson and Johnson
(producer of Levaquin), and even the generic producers of these drugs,
have very deep pockets.
The author’s blog is www.floxiehope.com.
Sources:
- Drug Discovery and Development, “Beyond Antibiotics: New Approach to Bacterial Infections” published online on 10/16/13 – http://www.dddmag.com/news/2013/10/beyond-antibiotics-new-approach-bacterial-infections?et_cid=3541647&et_rid=45519727&location=top
- PLOS Collections, “Table of Contents: The Human Microbiome Project Collection” http://www.ploscollections.org/article/browseIssue.action?issue=info:doi/10.1371/issue.pcol.v01.i13
- Neergaard, Lauran, “Human Microbiome Project: 10,000 Species Of
Microbes In And On Our Bodies,” Huffpost Healthy Living, 06/13/2012 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/13/human-microbiome-project-100-trillion-bacteria_n_1594430.html
- Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;18(6):666-73. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.77. Epub
2012 Jun 12. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates
the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Clarke G,
Grenham S, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, Moloney RD, Shanahan F, Dinan TG,
Cryan JF. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22688187
- Carpenter, Siri. “That Gut Feeling: With a sophisticated neural
network transmitting messages from trillions of bacteria, the brain in
your gut exerts a powerful influence over the one in your head, new
research suggests.” Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological
Association. September 2012, Vol 43, No. 8 Print version: page 50 http://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/09/gut-feeling.aspx
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria
- John Neustadt and Steve R. Pieczenik. “Medication-induced
mitochondrial damage and disease.” Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008,52, 780 –
788 http://psychrights.org/Research/Digest/NLPs/DrugsCauseMitochondrialDamage.pdf
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolone_antibiotic
- Nagaraja Moorthy, N. Raghavendra, and P. N. Venkatarathnamma.
“Levofloxacin-induced acute psychosis.” Indian J Psychiatry. 2008
Jan-Mar; 50(1): 57–58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745871/
- Arkady B. Khodursky and Nicholas R. Cozzarelli. “The Mechanism of
Inhibition of Topoisomerase IV by Quinolone Antibacterials” The Journal
of Biological Chemistry. August 5, 1998. http://www.jbc.org/content/273/42/27668.full
- G. PALLJ*, S. VALISENA*, G. CIARROCCHI, B. GATTO, AND M. PALUMBO.
“Quinolone binding to DNA is mediated by magnesium ions.” Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 9671-9675, October 1992 Biochemistry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50194/pdf/pnas01094-0315.pdf
- Nicole L Werner, Michelle T Hecker, Ajay K Sethi and Curtis J
Donskey. “Unnecessary use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in
hospitalized patients.” BMC Infectious Diseases. Volume 11. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/11/187
- “FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires label changes to warn
of risk for possibly permanent nerve damage from antibacterial
fluoroquinolone drugs taken by mouth or by injection” 08/15/2013 http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM365078.pdf
- Ian F. King, Chandri N. Yandava, Angela M. Mabb, Jack S. Hsiao,
Hsien-Sung Huang, Brandon L. Pearson, J. Mauro Calabrese, Joshua
Starmer, Joel S. Parker, Terry Magnuson, Stormy J.
Chamberlain, Benjamin D. Philpot & Mark J. Zylka. “Topoisomerases
facilitate transcription of long genes linked to autism.” Nature 501,
58–62 (05 September 2013) doi:10.1038/nature12504 Received 17 January
2013 Accepted 24 July 2013 Published online 28 August 2013 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v501/n7465/full/nature12504.html
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthraquinone
- “Dodging Antibiotic Side Effects.” July 3, 2013. http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/117/
- “Pinpointing How Antibiotics Work” April 19, 2012. MIT Media Relations. http://web.mit.edu/press/2012/pinpointing-how-antibiotics-work.html
- J W Lawrence, D C Claire, V Weissig and T C Rowe. “Delayed
cytotoxicity and cleavage of mitochondrial DNA in ciprofloxacin-treated
mammalian cells.” Molecular Pharmacology November 1996 vol. 50 no. 5
1178-1188 http://m.molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/50/5/1178.abstract
- John Neustadt and Steve R. Pieczenik. “Medication-induced
mitochondrial damage and disease.” Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008,52, 780 –
788 http://psychrights.org/Research/Digest/NLPs/DrugsCauseMitochondrialDamage.pdf
Lisa Bloomquist - I am a Colorado native that enjoys the
mountains, pilates, blogging and my cat. I was severely adversely
effected by Cipro in 2011. Before I took Cipro I was in perfect health.
Since those fateful pills in 2011, I have been fighting for my health.
Most of my health has returned and now I am screaming about the dangers
of fluoroquinolones so that others can learn from my experience. I will
continue to scream until those in the medical professions start paying
attention to their Hippocratic Oath, proper informed consent is
established for administration of these drugs, and they stop giving them
to children. This article first appeared at Collective-Evolution.